تحميل كتاب Introduction to Linguistics PDF ابو محمد زوزبهان بن ابى نصر البقلى الفسوى

نبذة عن كتاب Introduction to Linguistics :

كتاب Introduction to Linguistics PDF ابو محمد زوزبهان بن ابى نصر البقلى الفسوى : 2015م - 1443هـ Introduction to Linguistics Marcus Kracht Department of Linguistics, UCLA 3125 Campbell Hall 450 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90095–1543 Contents Lecture 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lecture 2: Phonetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Lecture 3: Phonology I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lecture 4: Phonology II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lecture 5: Phonology III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lecture 6: Phonology IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Lecture 7: Morphology I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Lecture 8: Syntax I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Lecture 9: Syntax II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Lecture 10: Syntax III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Lecture 11: Syntax IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Lecture 12: Syntax V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Lecture 13: Morphology II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Lecture 14: Semantics I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Lecture 15: Semantics II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Lecture 16: Semantics III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Lecture 17: Semantics IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Lecture 18: Semantics V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Lecture 19: Language Families and History of Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Lecture 1: Introduction Languages are sets of signs. Signs combine an exponent (a sequence of letters or sounds) with a meaning. Grammars are ways to generate signs from more basic signs. Signs combine a form and a meaning, and they are identical with neither their exponent nor with their meaning. Before we start. I have tried to be as explicit as I could in preparing these notes. You will find that some of the technicalities are demanding at first sight. Do not panic! You are not expected to master these technicalities right away. The technical character is basically due to my desire to be as explicit and detailed as possible. For some of you this might actually be helpful. If you are not among them you may want to read some other book on the side (which I encourage you to do anyway). However, linguistics is getting increasingly formal and mathematical, and you are well advised to get used to this style of doing science. So, if you do not understand right away what I am saying, you will simply have to go over it again and again. And keep asking questions! New words and technical terms that are used for the first time are typed in bold-face. If you are supposed to know what they mean, a definition will be given right away. The definition is valid throughout the entire course, but be aware of the fact that other people might define things differently. This applies when you read other books, for example. You should beware of possible discrepancies in terminology. If you are not given a definition elsewhere, be cautious. If you are given a different definition it does not mean that the other books get it wrong. The symbol .